Study Guide 2

1. Photosynthesis
   It supplies the biosphere with food and energy.
2. Cellular Respiration
   All cells carry on cellular respiration, whether it is of an aerobic or anaerobic nature.
3. DNA
   DNA is the molecule of life.
4. Protein Synthesis
   Protein synthesis is the direction of amino acids to build organisms.

• Chlorophyll
  Photosynthetic pigment capable of absorbing energy from the sun's rays.
• Photo Autotroph
  Organism capable of producing its own food supply by using light.
• Primary Producer
  Autotrophs that supply food to the biosphere.
• Primary Consumer
  Heterotrophs that draw sustinence from other organisms in the biosphere.
• Chemoautotroph
  An organism that creates its food source form chemical reactions.
• Photons
  In this instance, discrete particles of energy that react with pigments in photosynthesis.
• Photolysis
  The splitting of water with light.
• m-RNA
  Messenger RNA transcribes the instructions for a strand of DNA from the DNA in the nucleus.
• t-RNA
  Transfer RNA transfers the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes translating this information through anticodons.
• Codon
  Each three letter unit of mRNA is called a codon. It directs the placement of amino acids into a polypeptide chain. There are 64 codons. 61 correspond to a specific amino acid. The remaining three code for chain termination.
• Anaerobic
  Without air. Anaerobic respiration is when an organism creates its own food supply without air. Fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic respiration, there is no Krebs cycle and no electron transport system.
• Aerobic
  With air. An organism creates its own food supply using air as one of its inputs.
• Enzyme
  A protein catalyst that speeds up a reaction.
• Ribosome
  Sites of protein synthesis.
• ATP
  The energy currency of the cell. Adenosine Triphosphate.
• NAD
  Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-a dehydrogenase that frequently accepts hydrogen from metabolites.
• Nucleotide
  A building block of nucleic acid consisting of phosphoric acid, five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• Anticodon
  Three nucleotides in tRNA that pair with complementary codons in mRNA.
• Glycolysis
  The conversion of sugars to simpler compounds.
• Food Chain
  The flow of energy through biological systems.
• Heterotroph
  The consumers in the food chain. They take in carbohydrates and oxygen to produce energy.

• Light reaction to photosynthesis.
  In the thylakoids.
• Glycolysis
  In the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Calvin Cycle (Dark reactions, CO2 Fixation)
  In the stroma lamella, a duct between the stacks of thylakoids (granum).
• Krebs Cycle
  In the matrix of the mitochondrian.
• Electron Transport System
  In the folds of membrane (christae) of the mitochondrian.
• DNA Replication
  In the nucleus.
• Transcription
  In the nucleus.
• Translation
  In the ribosomes.
• Protein Synthesis
  Occurs in the ribosomes.
• Codons
  Cytoplasm.
• Anticodons
  Ribosomes.

• Light Reaction of Photosynthesis
  Input=Light, water.
  Output=ATP, NADPH.
• Calvin Cycle
  Input=NADPH, CO2, ATP.
  Output=Carbohydrate.
• Glycolysis
  Input=Glucose.
  Output=Pyruvate, NADH2, ATP.
• Krebs Cycle
  Input=Pyruvate, acetylcoa.
  Output=NADH2, FADH2, CO2, ATP.
• Electron Transport System
  Input=NADH2, FADH2.
  Output=Heat, ATP, O2, H2, (H2O).
• Fermentation
  Input=Glucose.
  Output=Ethanol, acetylaldehyde or lactic acid.

• DNA
  Nucleic acid made up of phosphoric acid, deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base. Its form is that of the double helix, and it is made up Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
• RNA
  Ribose, single strand, Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine.

		DNA		mRNA
		---		----
		G		C
		C		G
		A		U
		T		A

What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? How do they apply to energy flow in biological systems?
Energy can not be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another. Energy flows through biological systems.
Energy conversions are not 100% efficient. Organisms require the expenditure of energy to create energy.