Study Guide 3

• gametes
  A reproductive cell that joins with another in fertilization to form a zygote; most often an egg or a sperm.
• syngamy
  Fertilization. Sexual reproduction by a union of gametes.
• fertilization
  The union of male and female gametes, most often the sperm and the egg.
• zygote
  Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes, the product of fertilization.
• sperm
  The male gamete.
• haploid
  The N number of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes.
• ovum (egg)
  The female gamete.
• somatic cells
  Non-meiotic body cells.
• diploid
  The 2N number of chromosomes. Twice the number found in gametes.
• allele
  A pair of corresponding genes.
• homologous chromosomes
  Corresponding chromosomes which form pairs during the course of meiosis.
• meiosis
  Nuclear division by which the chromosomes are reduced from the diploid (2N) to the haploid (1N) in number.
• mitosis
  Cellular division in which two cells receive the exact number of chromosomes and genetic makeup of the mother cell. This happens during growth and repair.
• clone
  Asexually produced organisms having the same genetic makeup.
• in vitro fertilization
  Fertilization outside the womb.

• Somatic cells
  Diploid? 44?
• Gametes
  Haploid. 23.
• Sperm
  Haploid. 23.
• Ova
  Haploid 23.
• Zygotes
  Diploid. 46.

Describe the sypmptoms of each of the following and whether it is an autosomal recessive disorder, autosomal dominant disorder, or example of incomplete dominance:

• Huntington Disease
  A progressive disintegration of the nervous system. Autosomal dominant disorder.
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
  Poor circulation, anemia, internal hemorrhaging, jaundice, abdominal pain, etc. Incomplete dominance.
• Cystic Fibrosis
  Disorder affecting function of mucous and sweat glands. Autosomal recessive disorder.
• Galactosemia
  Inability to metabolize milk sugar. Autosomal recessive disorder.

• nondisjunction
  The failure of of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate during the formation of gametes.
• mutation
  A genetic change that is inherited by an organism following reproduction.
• Down's Syndrome
  One extra somatic chromosome.
• Turner Syndrome
  XO. Females lacking a sex chromosome. Characterized by a lack of complete sexual development.
• metafemale
  XXX. An extra sex chromosome. Big woman.
• Klinefelter Syndrome
  XXY. Immature sex organs and the development of breasts.
• XYY
  Another case of nondisjunction. Taller than average, persistent acne and barely normal intelligence.
• amniocentesis
  Withdrawal of amniotic fluid through the abdominal wall of a preganant women to allow for genetic testing.
• X chromosome
  Males have one X chromosome. Females have two.
• Y chromosome
  Males have no Y chromosomes. Females have one.
• Drosophila melanogaster
  Fruit fly. Used for studying genetics.

A male with normal vision and a carrier female have children. What is the probability of them having a daughter that is color blind? A male that is color blind?

0% probability for a color blind daughter.
25% probability for a color blind son.

What is the location and function of each of the following?

• ovaries
  On each side of the pelvic cavity. They produce the egg and sex hormones.
• oviduct or Fallopian Tube
  They extend from the uterus to the ovaries. Their function is to conduct the egg.
• endometrium
  Inside of the uterus. It participates in the formation of placenta.
• uterus
  It lies above the urinary bladder. It is the location of the developing fetus.

• Gonadotropic releasing hormone
  The hypothalmus secretes GnRH.
• Follicle stimulating hormone
  The anterior pituitary produces FSH. It promotes the formation of a follicle and maturation of the egg.
• Leutenizing hormone
  The anterior pituitary also produces LH. It promotes the develpment of a corpus luteum which produces progesterone.
• Estrogen
  It is produced by the ovaries and it promotes secondary sex characteristics.
• Progesterone
  A female sex hormone produced by the ovary that maintains secondary sex characteristics and prepares the uterine lining for implantation.
• Corpus luteum
  It is produced by a follicle that has lost its egg. It is the source of progesterone.
• Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone
  The outer layers of a zygote produces this to cause the corpus luteum to secrete increased amounts of prigesterone.

Describe the ovarian cycle (follicular and ovarian phases). Describe the uterine cycle.
Follicular cycle:

1. FSH secretion by pituitary gland. Follicle maturation and secretion of estrogen. (Days 1-13)
2. Ovulation. (Day 14)
3. Luteal Days. LH secretion by pituitary gland. Corpus luteum formation secretion of progesterone. (Days 15-28)

1. Menstruation days. Endometrium breaks down. (Days 1-5)
2. Proliferation days. Endometriun rebuilds. (Days 6-13)
3. Secretory days. Endometrium thickens and glands are secretory. (Days 15-28)

• testes
  Outside of the abdominal cavity. Produce sperm and sex hormones.
• epididymis
  Located outside of the testes, they are the tubules where sperm mature.
• vas deferens
  Joined to the epididymis. Conducts and stores sperm.
• seminferous tubules
  Located inside the testis. It is where spermatogenis takes place.
• seminal gland
  Located at the base of the bladder. They contribute to seminal fluid.
• prostate gland
  Surrounds the upper portion of the urethra just below the bladder. Also contribute to seminal fluid.
• Cowper's gland
  Located alongside the urethra. Contribute to seminal fluid.

• Gonadotropic-releasing
  A hormone that controls FSH and LH. The hypothalmus.
• Follicle-stumulating hormone
  Promotes spermatogenesis in the seminferous tubules. The pituitary.
• Leutenizing hormone
  Promotes the production of testosterone in semieferous tubules. The pituitary.
• testosterone
  Necessary for maturation of sperm and produce secondary sex characteristics. Produced in the testes.

• spermatocyte
  A sperm cell in early stages of development.
• spermatid
  Sperm cell reduced to 23 chromosomes through meiosis.
• acrosome
  Cap on the sperm cell.
• follicle
  Located in the ovaries, follicles contain one egg each.
• secondary oocyte
  An egg upon release from the ovaries.
• ovulation
  The period when an egg is released from the ovaries.
• placenta
  A region around the fetus where nutrients and wastes are passed.
• ectopic pregnancy
  Pregnancy that occurs outside of the endometrium. Very bad.
• vasectomy
  A severing of the vas deferens in the male as a form of birth control.
• tubal ligation
  A severing of the oviducts in the female as a form of birth contol.